[Deep Dive] An Updated Outlook for the U.S. Economy

 

Key Takeaways

• The outlook for the U.S. economy for the balance of 2022 has become more uncertain than it was only a few months ago.
• Most forecasters now expect slower economic growth, continued low unemployment and slower consumer spending and business investment.
• High inflation and tighter monetary policy are likely to be the primary drivers of economic performance over the rest of this year.
• How marketing leaders should adapt their planning to cope with elevated uncertainty.

Uncertainty Rises . . . Again

After enduring two years of pandemic-induced tumult, most marketers undoubtedly hoped that 2022 would provide benign and predictable business conditions. As I am writing this in April, it's clear that marketers' hope hasn't been fully realized. If anything, business conditions have recently become less predictable, and that makes the job of marketing leaders more challenging.

The success of any marketing plan depends largely on how well it fits the environmental conditions that exist when the plan is executed. One of the environmental factors that marketing leaders must consider is the state of the overall economy.

Last November when I wrote about the outlook for the U.S. economy in 2022, most forecasters were predicting that the economy would experience above-average growth, declining unemployment and relatively robust consumer spending and business investment.

Fast forward to the present, and it's clear that uncertainty about the direction of the economy over the next several months has increased sharply. Inflation has already risen to its highest level in more than 40 years, driven by continuing supply chain disruptions, the rapid increase of energy and other commodity prices, and higher labor costs. The economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States and many other countries in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine will only add to inflationary pressures.

In response to the high level of inflation, the Federal Reserve raised the federal funds interest rate 0.25% at its meeting on March 15-16, and Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell has indicated that this is likely to be the first of several rate increases this year.

In addition, COVID-19 hasn't disappeared, and if a new virus variant emerges that can evade vaccine-based or natural immunity, we could face another wave of disease that could depress economic activity.

These factors could have significant impacts on the performance of the economy over the rest of 2022, but it's impossible to know at this point how significant those impacts might be.

This heightened uncertainty makes in incredibly difficult to predict how economic conditions will evolve over the next several months. Under these circumstances, marketing leaders need to analyze economic conditions more frequently than usual and be prepared to adapt their marketing plans as the economic picture becomes clearer.

What's Next for the Economy?

Despite the increased level of economic uncertainty, it's possible to identify the broad economic trends that are likely to prevail over the remainder of 2022.

Economic Growth Will Slow

Most economic forecasters now expect the economy to grow at an above-average rate in 2022, although at a slower pace than in 2021. U.S. real (inflation-adjusted) GDP grew 5.7% in 2021 according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Last month, U.S. Federal Reserve Board members and Federal Reserve Bank presidents predicted that real GDP will increase 2.8% in 2022 (median of individual forecasts). In their December 2021 forecast, this group had predicted real GDP growth of 4.0% this year.

Earlier this month, The Conference Board estimated that real GDP will grow 3.0% in 2022, and several Wall Street economists tracked by CNBC and Moody's Analytics are predicting real GDP growth of 3.2% this year (average of individual forecasts).

To put these forecasts in perspective, many economists believe the maximum sustainable growth rate of the U.S. economy (as measured by real GDP) is approximately 2%.

Unemployment Will Remain Low

The U.S. unemployment rate has fallen dramatically from its pandemic high of 14.7% in April 2020, and last month it stood at 3.6% according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Most forecasters expect the unemployment rate to remain low throughout 2022. Federal Reserve Board members and Federal Reserve Bank presidents estimate that the average unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of this year will be 3.5%. The Conference Board's latest forecast is that the unemployment rate will fall from 3.6% in the second quarter to 3.3% in the fourth quarter of this year.

Consumer Spending Signals Are Mixed

In 2021 consumer spending ("personal consumption expenditures") increased 12.1% compared to 2020, and in February 2022, consumer spending was up 6.9% compared to February 2021, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis. 

Some forecasters are predicting that consumer spending will slow significantly in 2022. Earlier this month, The Conference Board estimated that real consumer spending will increase 2.8% this year, and in March, Deloitte also predicted that it will grow by 2.8% in 2022.

Consumer spending is one of the main sources of the uncertainty surrounding the direction of the economy over the next several months. Spending by consumers typically represents about two-thirds of the total economy. Therefore, economic growth is largely dependent on the health of consumer spending.

Recent consumer sentiment data indicate that U.S. consumers have become deeply pessimistic about the state of the economy. Last month, consumer sentiment fell to its lowest level since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic according to the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Sentiment.

This consumer survey data also revealed that consumers have become extremely pessimistic about future economic conditions. The "expectations" component of the Index of Consumer Sentiment fell to 54.3 last month - the most pessimistic reading in more than 10 years.

The Michigan consumer research showed that inflation concerns are primarily responsible for the high levels of consumer pessimism. The critical economic issue is whether the negative consumer sentiment will result in a major contraction in consumer spending. So far, that hasn't happened, but if it occurs, economic growth in 2022 could be substantially slower than most forecasters currently expect.

Business Investment Will Be Less Robust

In 2021, business fixed investment spending increased 7.4% according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Most forecasters are projecting that business investment spending will slow considerably in 2022.

Earlier this month, for example, The Conference Board estimated that "nonresidential investment" will increase 4.6% in 2022, and in March, Deloitte predicted that "real fixed business investment" will grow 3.0% this year.

Inflation Will Be High for Some Time

The future path of inflation, and the repercussions of the Federal Reserve's actions to bring inflation under control are the greatest sources of uncertainty about the performance of the economy over the balance of 2022 and into 2023.

Inflation concerns have been growing for some time, and the war in Ukraine exacerbated those concerns. The March inflation data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics confirmed that inflation is a serious economic challenge. For the 12 months ending in March, two key measures of inflation registered very high readings.

• Consumer Price Index (all items, not seasonally adjusted) - 8.5%
• Producer Price Index (final demand, not seasonally adjusted) - 11.2%

In addition, for the 12 months ending in March, average hourly earnings have increased 5.6% according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

As noted earlier, the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee (FOMC) raised the federal funds interest rate by 0.25% at its March meeting, and the FOMC has signaled that it is likely to raise interest rates several more times this year. 

At his press conference following the March meeting, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell said, "The economy is strong, and against the backdrop of an extremely tight labor market and high inflation, the {FOMC] anticipates that ongoing increases in the . . . federal funds rate will be appropriate."

The major uncertainty is whether the Federal Reserve will be able to engineer a "soft landing" for the economy. Can it slow the economy enough to bring inflation under control without triggering an economic recession? Many economists and financial professionals now believe the risk of recession later this year or next year has increased because of the Federal Reserve's tighter monetary policy, although most are not predicting that a recession will occur.

What Marketers Can Do

The high level of economic uncertainty that is likely to exist over the next several months makes it difficult for marketing leaders to design programs that will fit the prevailing economic and business conditions. To succeed in this uncertain environment, marketing leaders need to use a more agile approach to marketing planning. Here are three key components of an effective planning methodology.

Be Skeptical of Forecasts

Marketing leaders shouldn't place too much reliance on economic forecasts, even relatively short-term forecasts. Under normal circumstances, the forecasts discussed in this article would be reasonably accurate and stable. However, increased uncertainty makes even these forecasts less dependable.

When uncertainty is high, marketing leaders need to stay even more attuned to changes in the economic environment. The key is to frequently review economic data and look for emerging trends that may impact their company's business. Most of the official economic reports referenced in this article are published on a monthly basis, and marketing leaders must pay particular attention to these economic updates and be prepared to adjust their plans if necessary.

Assess Company-Specific Business Conditions

Changes in macroeconomic conditions don't affect all businesses equally. As we saw during the early stages of the pandemic, companies in some industries (e.g. hospitality and travel) suffered severe economic losses, while other companies (e.g. Amazon) saw their revenue and profits grow substantially.

Therefore, it's essential for marketing leaders to base their future plans on a thorough assessment of the business conditions their company is likely to be facing over the next several months. The centerpiece of this assessment should be a forecast of the revenue the company can potentially earn in the remaining quarters of 2022.

It's also critical to update these forecasts on a regular basis. More specifically, the "final" forecast for each quarter should be completed as early as possible in the preceding quarter. So, for example, marketing leaders should be focused now on developing their final revenue forecast for the third quarter of 2022, and their objective should be to finalize their forecast for the fourth quarter in July or August.

Use Quarterly Marketing Plans

In the not-too-distant past, many marketing leaders developed their plans on an annual basis. Given the current economic uncertainty, marketing leaders should plan their programs and spending in quarterly increments. By using this approach, they can better align their marketing efforts with the business conditions their company will be experiencing.

This doesn't mean that marketing leaders should develop plans from scratch for each remaining quarter of 2022. What they should do is to develop tentative plans for the final two quarters of this year based on preliminary revenue forecasts. Then, as each quarterly forecast is finalized, they can adjust their quarterly marketing plan to align with the final revenue forecast.

Image courtesy of Colin Kinner via Flickr (CC).

[Book Review] A Strategic Guide to Using Artificial Intelligence in Marketing

Source:  Stanford University Press

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in marketing has been discussed by an army of industry pundits, and recent research suggests that it may be nearing mainstream adoption. For example, in the seventh edition of Salesforce's State of Marketing survey (conducted May - June 2021), 60% of the respondents said they have a "fully developed" AI strategy, up from 57% in the 2020 edition of the survey.

It's easy to find e-books, white papers, and articles discussing the role of AI in marketing, and there are dozens of books dealing with the technical aspects of artificial intelligence and the social and cultural ramifications of AI.

There are far fewer full-length books that provide a detailed treatment of how AI can be used to support marketing decisions and enable more productive marketing programs. For that reason, I looked forward to reading The AI Marketing Canvas:  A Five-Stage Road Map to Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Marketing (Stanford University Press, 2021).

This book was written by Raj Venkatesan, a professor of business administration at the University of Virginia's Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, and Jim Lecinski, a clinical associate professor of marketing at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management.

What the Book Covers

The AI Marketing Canvas includes four major sections.

Part 1 (Chapters 1-3) - This section lays out the authors' point of view on the importance of artificial intelligence in marketing and provides an overview of the book's content. Venkatesan and Lecinski state their position on AI in explicit terms at the beginning of Chapter 2. They write:

"In this new economy . . . we believe there is one way and one way only to win, and that is with AI and machine learning - developed against a rock-solid marketing strategy . . . These strategies also need to be driven by marketing leaders whose obsession is to find ways to use AI and machine learning to personalize the customer relationship at every juncture." (Emphasis in original)

Part 2 (Chapters 4-6) - Chapter 4 discusses the emergence and power of "network" business models (e.g. Amazon, Google) that are enabled by technology platforms. In Chapter 5, the authors describe their four-stage customer relationship model (acquisition - retention - growth - advocacy), and they review the three "waves" of marketing (mass-segmented marketing, data-driven marketing and one-to-one personalized marketing). Chapter 6 explains some of the basic concepts and uses of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Part 3 (Chapters 7-13) - This part contains the core of the book's content. In Chapter 7, the authors introduce the AI marketing canvas, and then they devote a chapter chapter to a discussion of each "stage" of the canvas framework.

The AI marketing canvas is primarily a matrix created by the four customer relationship components ("moments") and a five-stage AI maturity model that includes foundation, experimentation, expansion, transformation and monetization. According to the authors, companies that achieve a high level of success with AI in marketing will move through most of these five stages of AI maturity.

Part 4 (Chapters 14-16) - The final section of The AI Marketing Canvas provides guidance for implementing the concepts discussed in the previous portions of the book. Venkatesan and Lecinski adopt John Kotter's change management model from his 1996 book Leading Change, and they argue that changes will be needed across four organizational dimensions - people, process, culture and profit - to maximize the impact of AI in marketing.

The authors conclude their book with an unambiguous "call to action" for marketers and marketing leaders. They write:  "To be a successful marketer in the coming years, you must decide now whether you will engage and become an expert in AI marketing, or sit on the sidelines and watch the 'AI bus' pass you by - or worse, run you over."

My Take

The AI Marketing Canvas is an ambitious book that, for me, doesn't quite live up to its promise. The authors expressly state that the mission of their book is to provide ". . . a road map you can use to build an effective marketing plan - one that accounts for all that is required to effectively apply AI and machine learning to your marketing - so you can win"

Rather than a detailed "road map," the book is more like an impressionist painting than a close-up photograph. It addresses most of the important issues, but it doesn't contain enough detail to be called a "how-to" manual.

That being said, The AI Marketing Canvas provides some valuable information for marketers who are novices when it comes to artificial intelligence. For example, Chapter 6 is a good introduction to AI and machine learning, but marketers will need to learn a little more to have a good working knowledge of AI and ML.

Another particularly valuable part of the book is Chapter 8, which discusses the digital infrastructure required to collect and process the customer-related data that is necessary to feed AI applications. Providers of AI-enabled software applications typically emphasize the powerful capabilities of their solutions, but they don't talk as much about the volume or quality of data that's required for those capabilities to perform as intended.

Put simply, the output produced by an AI application will only be as good or reliable as the quality of the data it uses to generate that output. In Chapter 8 of the book, the authors emphasize that building a robust data infrastructure is the first essential step in implementing AI in marketing, and that this process doesn't end. Starbucks is one of the companies featured in The AI Marketing Canvas, and the authors note that Starbucks has been developing its data collection and AI capabilities for over ten years.

Artificial intelligence is already an integral part of marketing at many larger enterprises, and the use of AI in marketing is destined to become more widespread in the near future. The AI Marketing Canvas is a worthwhile resource for marketers who are just starting to learn about artificial intelligence. If you already have a basic understanding of how AI works and how it can be used in marketing, other resources will be more useful.